The population of Nicaragua is mostly made up of Mestizos, with smaller groups of white Nicaraguans and Afro-Nicaraguans, especially along the Caribbean coast. Indigenous peoples make up around 5% of the population, with groups such as the Nahua, Chorotega, Miskito, and Mayangna still present today.

The vast majority of people speak a regional form of Spanish that has strong indigenous influences. There are also notable regional variations across the country. On the Caribbean coast, other languages remain common, including an English-based Creole and indigenous languages such as Miskito, Rama, and Sumo (Mayangna).

Nicaraguan culture is shaped by both European and indigenous traditions, with folklore, music, and religion at its heart. From colourful festivals to traditional dances and marimba music, Nicaraguan culture remains as vibrant and alive as ever.

Although healthcare and education are free to a certain extent, inequality and lack of access remain major issues for many Nicas. Poverty rates are high, and as a result, large Nicaraguan communities can be found abroad, particularly in the United States and Costa Rica.